Why Gymnastics?
By Wm A. Sands, Ph.D. - Department of Exercise and Sport Science - University of Utah
Gymnastics is an activity of ancient origins and modern tensions. Most
large and medium size cities and towns have a private gymnastics school
or offer gymnastics activities via a park district, public school,
Turners, Sokol, or YMCA. Media attention toward gymnastics has continued
to grow, making gymnastics one of the top television-audience draws.
Gymnastics at the top levels continues to draw attention. It has
developed a large and vigorous "fan" following, as well as and developed
some controversy as it has undergone modern growing pains. Little
information has been offered regarding the benefits of gymnastics to
those who are headed for Olympic glory and those not destined to reach
such levels. People may justifiably ask:
What are the benefits of gymnastics?
I would like to organize the benefits and limitations of gymnastics in
several categories for ease of understanding: (a) physical, (b)
psycho-social, and (c) miscellaneous. I would like to balance my
treatment of benefits with appropriate discussion of some of the
limitations of gymnastics participation. In this way, I hope to provide
an even treatment of gymnastics so that parents, gymnasts, and coaches
may better understand what gymnastics can and cannot do.
Physical
1. Gymnastics is an anaerobic sport.
Anaerobic means "without oxygen." Gymnasts tend to have middling levels
of aerobic (with oxygen) capacity (13). However, gymnasts are among the
strongest and most flexible of all athletes (27, 38). Gymnastics
performances usually last under 90 seconds. The level of intensity of
the activities is too high for long-term performance such as seen in
endurance sport long duration events like the marathon.
Most sports are anaerobic in nature. Only the long term endurance sports
such as cycling, swimming, and running are largely aerobic. Gymnastics
is an "acyclic" sport which means that the same movements are not
repeated over and over (6). There are numerous benefits to cyclic,
long-term endurance sports but variety is generally not one of them. One
of the major benefits of gymnastics activity is that it subjects the
gymnast's body to a wide variety of stimuli. Repeating the same movement
patterns over and over has recently been questioned (57). And, the
generally assumed superiority of aerobic training has been shown to be
illusory for many areas of fitness, particularly with regard to weight
loss (5, 60).
2. Gymnasts are among the strongest, pound for pound, of all the Olympic athletes.
Gymnasts are strong in what is termed "relative strength" (48). Gymnasts
demonstrate their strength by being able to move their bodies through a
myriad of positions. Their strength is high when expressed relative to
their body weight. "Absolute strength" is the term sometimes applied to
strength that is expressed by moving some object or opponent. For
example, football lineman and shot putters have large absolute strength
while gymnasts and martial artists have large relative strength (43).
One of the major determinants of absolute strength is physical size.
Large people tend to be strong in absolute terms, while smaller people
are less strong. Strength is one of the major redeeming characteristics
of gymnastics. Gymnasts tend to develop upper body strength more than
many other sports (7, 38, 47, 58).
3. Gymnasts are among the most flexible of all athletes.
Gymnastics emphasizes flexibility due to the need for gymnasts to adopt
certain specific positions in order to perform skills. The flexibility
demands of gymnastics are probably the most significant and unique
aspects of gymnastics that serves to separate gymnastics from most other
sports (54).
It is believed that flexibility can be an effective aid to the reduction
of injury, preventing athletes from forcing a limb to an injurious
range of motion (24, 27-29, 34). Flexibility can also be overdone when a
gymnast relies on an increased range of motion in inappropriate
positions, particularly the spine (8, 10, 35, 64, 66, 68). However, the
research on gymnastics' contribution to spine disorders and disc
degeneration has been mixed (69). Care should be taken to ensure that
gymnasts develop flexibility in appropriate postures (30), and that
appropriate and planned progressions are used in developing new ranges
of motion (50, 51, 55).
4. Gymnasts are very good at both static and dynamic balance.
Gymnastics has an entire event for women devoted to the concept of
balance - the balance beam. The men also have an event that requires
extraordinary balance abilities - pommel horse. Of course, handstands
are probably the single most recognized balance skills. The still rings
in men's gymnastics is an underrated balance event which requires the
gymnast to continuously keep the movable rings under himself. Gymnasts
learn to balance on their feet and their hands. Interestingly, gymnasts
tend to develop a higher tolerance for imbalance or disturbances to
their balance. Gymnasts do not react with as large a "startle response"
to sudden imbalances as nongymnasts. This probably means that gymnasts
can tolerate larger disturbances to their posture because they have
become more familiar with these positions and do not consider them to be
such a threat (7, 11, 26).
5. Gymnasts learn early to fall without injuring themselves (16, 49).
Because gymnastics is performed on mats, the gymnast learns to fall and
roll to spread the forces of impact over a larger area and time.
Considerable effort is expended in the early teaching of gymnasts to
roll - partly as a skill in itself and partly as a prerequisite to other
skills. Learning to fall helps the gymnast avoid injury. Fall-training
can help prevent injuries in most sports. Gymnasts acquire a very
"cat-like" ability to right themselves and to fall without being hurt
(3, 53).
6. Gymnasts are among the smallest and lightest of athletes (33).
Gymnastics is somewhat unique in that it provides competitive
opportunities for the smallest and lightest athletes. Many sports are
clearly biased to prefer athletes who are tall and/or big. Sports that
cater to smaller athletes usually involve weight classes which limit the
number of small athletes who can participate (i.e., one per team) (76).
Smallness is actually beneficial for gymnasts in performing better and
avoiding injury (4, 59).
Being small and light can be taken to extremes that are clearly
unhealthy. The issue of eating disorders and the unbridled attempt to
reduce body weight at all costs has plagued some gymnasts (1, 17, 22,
32, 36, 37, 40-42, 45, 46, 65, 70). However, gymnastics is not alone in
this problem. Moreover, gymnastics is neither necessary nor sufficient
for the development of eating disorders.
In eating disorders, there are a constellation of factors that
contribute to a behavior, but these can be classified into 3 areas: (a)
predisposing, (b) enabling, and (c) reinforcing. Predisposing factors
might be: low self esteem, neuroticism, narcissism, obsessive/compulsive
behavior, depression, and a predominantly external locus of control.
These do not meet the criteria for causation, however. Excessive
exercise and athletic participation may be enabling factors for the
expression of these negative personality traits and not a cause of these
behaviors. Daily exposure to the general milieu of athletics, coaches,
parents, etc. may provide the reinforcing factors necessary to sustain
the negative personality traits. (12, emphasis mine)
The distinction between predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors
versus causative factors is essential to understanding disordered eating
and the role that gymnastics may play. Many sports that involve female
athletes and exercisers also suffer disordered eating problems (18, 23,
25, 31, 36, 39, 63, 67, 73-75). And, disordered eating is prevalent in
many sub-groups of females from high school students (61, 62) to medical
students (21). Finally, disordered eating is also becoming more
prevalent among male athletes (2, 72).
7. Gymnastics is a reasonably safe sport.
Although there are numerous sources of information on injury in sport,
the Consumer Product Safety Commission is one of the best. Table 1 shows
the number of people visiting hospital emergency rooms in 1997 (56).
Note that hunting injuries are not included. In some cases, injuries
caused by using equipment are separated from the activity, such as
swimming. The number of people visiting emergency rooms is listed after
the equipment/activity and the percentage of patients admitted to a
hospital is shown in parentheses.
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